Which term refers to an enlarged and swollen vein at the lower end of the esophagus?

• A. Hiatal hernia
• B. Bulimia
• C. Esophageal varices
• D. Dehydration

Answer: (C)

An enlarged and swollen vein at the lower end of the esophagus is called esophageal varices. This condition arises from portal hypertension, often due to liver disease such as cirrhosis, which causes the veins in the distal esophagus to dilate as blood tries to find alternate pathways back to the heart. Esophageal varices are particularly serious because they can rupture and cause life-threatening bleeding, presenting as vomiting blood or having black, tarry stools. Management focuses on protecting the airway and stopping the bleed, often with endoscopic procedures or medications to reduce portal pressure, and addressing the underlying liver condition.

The other terms describe different problems entirely: a hiatal hernia involves part of the stomach pushing up through the diaphragm; bulimia is an eating disorder; dehydration means a lack of sufficient body fluids.